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  • 1.  Perceptual Differences, Herzberg, and Culture and Economy

    Posted 04-20-2004 10:24
    Thanks for the reference. A quick scan indicates that the authors agree
    with what Herzberg actually said but disagree with what they think he said.

    Yes, local culture when amplified by local economic situations will change
    the cardinality of the actors Herzberg proposed. However, the central
    notions of 'hygiene vs. motivation' and especially 'management's job' are
    not disproven by the paper you cited.

    Interestingly, some local cultures will be more vulnerable than others to
    economic conditions. Perhaps that is why some excel while others just spend
    their time bad mouthing their government.

    > Date: Sun, 18 Apr 2004 23:36:20 +0100
    > From: =?iso-8859-1?q?Romie=20Littrell?= <littrellaom@yahoo.co.nz>
    > Subject: Re: Perceptual Differences, Herzberg, and Culture and Economy
    >
    > I think you'll find the job conditions fitting into
    > the two categories of Herzberg's theoretical framework
    > will vary considerably depending upon local economic
    > conditions and across cultures. See, for example, the
    > working paper by Selmer and Littrell at
    > http://www.romielittrellpubs.homestead.com/
    >


  • 2.  Perceptual Differences, Herzberg, and Culture and Economy

    Posted 04-21-2004 01:02
    We were not trying to 'disprove' Herzberg's theory,
    rather I belive the findings can offer support. In
    fact, prior to cutting the article to meet journal
    length requirements, there was a discussion of the
    applicability of his two-factor theory to the issues,
    that hygiene factors and motivators move around and
    appear and disappear based upon various conditions. My
    point was that we often see lists of motivators and
    hygeine factors put forth unqualified, as if they were
    reliable and valid across everything.

    --- Jack Ring <jring@amug.org> wrote: > Thanks for the
    reference. A quick scan indicates
    > that the authors agree
    > with what Herzberg actually said but disagree with
    > what they think he said.
    >
    > Yes, local culture when amplified by local economic
    > situations will change
    > the cardinality of the actors Herzberg proposed.
    > However, the central
    > notions of 'hygiene vs. motivation' and especially
    > 'management's job' are
    > not disproven by the paper you cited.
    >
    > Interestingly, some local cultures will be more
    > vulnerable than others to
    > economic conditions. Perhaps that is why some excel
    > while others just spend
    > their time bad mouthing their government.
    >
    > > Date: Sun, 18 Apr 2004 23:36:20 +0100
    > > From: =?iso-8859-1?q?Romie=20Littrell?=
    > <littrellaom@yahoo.co.nz>
    > > Subject: Re: Perceptual Differences, Herzberg, and
    > Culture and Economy
    > >
    > > I think you'll find the job conditions fitting
    > into
    > > the two categories of Herzberg's theoretical
    > framework
    > > will vary considerably depending upon local
    > economic
    > > conditions and across cultures. See, for example,
    > the
    > > working paper by Selmer and Littrell at
    > > http://www.romielittrellpubs.homestead.com/
    > >

    =====
    Prof. Romie F. Littrell, Ph.D.
    Facutly of Business, Auckland University of Technology
    Private Bag 1020
    Auckland 1020, New Zealand
    Fax (64) 9 - 917 -9629
    http://www.romielittrellpubs.homestead.com/
    http://www.crossculturalcentre.homestead.com/





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  • 3.  Perceptual Differences, Herzberg, and Culture and Economy

    Posted 04-21-2004 08:32
    Dear prof. Littrell,
    i appriciated so much your works and wish to add my personal considerations
    to this discussion.
    Starting from Hofstede's research (G. Hofstede, 1980), there are lot of
    evidences on cultural differences at work.
    In my doctoral thesis research (explorative approach), that involved two
    transnational organizations based in Europe, significative differences were
    found in values and behaviors among different cultural groups. Even though
    the qualitative approach does n't provide inferencial data, the
    post-hypothesis of the research is consistent with the permanence of
    cultural differences among cultural groups, even if they are co-working in
    the same organizational setting. The dynamic cultural model adopted is not
    in contraddition with this assumption.
    Then, the letterature offers severals example of specificity in work values
    and behaviors, even referring to the same national context (Schein E. 1984,
    Kunda 1992, etc.).
    May be, the supposed universality of motivational models is often due to a
    lack of cross - cultural focus in research design.

    Best regards

    Fabrizio Maimone


    Dr Fabrizio Maimone

    LUMSA University of Rome
    Communication Sciences
    Via della Traspontina, 21
    00193 Rome
    Italy





    ----- Original Message -----
    From: "Romie Littrell" <littrellaom@yahoo.co.nz>
    To: <MG-ED-DV@MAELSTROM.STJOHNS.EDU>
    Sent: Wednesday, April 21, 2004 7:01 AM
    Subject: Re: Perceptual Differences, Herzberg, and Culture and Economy


    > We were not trying to 'disprove' Herzberg's theory,
    > rather I belive the findings can offer support. In
    > fact, prior to cutting the article to meet journal
    > length requirements, there was a discussion of the
    > applicability of his two-factor theory to the issues,
    > that hygiene factors and motivators move around and
    > appear and disappear based upon various conditions. My
    > point was that we often see lists of motivators and
    > hygeine factors put forth unqualified, as if they were
    > reliable and valid across everything.
    >
    > --- Jack Ring <jring@amug.org> wrote: > Thanks for the
    > reference. A quick scan indicates
    > > that the authors agree
    > > with what Herzberg actually said but disagree with
    > > what they think he said.
    > >
    > > Yes, local culture when amplified by local economic
    > > situations will change
    > > the cardinality of the actors Herzberg proposed.
    > > However, the central
    > > notions of 'hygiene vs. motivation' and especially
    > > 'management's job' are
    > > not disproven by the paper you cited.
    > >
    > > Interestingly, some local cultures will be more
    > > vulnerable than others to
    > > economic conditions. Perhaps that is why some excel
    > > while others just spend
    > > their time bad mouthing their government.
    > >
    > > > Date: Sun, 18 Apr 2004 23:36:20 +0100
    > > > From: =?iso-8859-1?q?Romie=20Littrell?=
    > > <littrellaom@yahoo.co.nz>
    > > > Subject: Re: Perceptual Differences, Herzberg, and
    > > Culture and Economy
    > > >
    > > > I think you'll find the job conditions fitting
    > > into
    > > > the two categories of Herzberg's theoretical
    > > framework
    > > > will vary considerably depending upon local
    > > economic
    > > > conditions and across cultures. See, for example,
    > > the
    > > > working paper by Selmer and Littrell at
    > > > http://www.romielittrellpubs.homestead.com/
    > > >
    >
    > =====
    > Prof. Romie F. Littrell, Ph.D.
    > Facutly of Business, Auckland University of Technology
    > Private Bag 1020
    > Auckland 1020, New Zealand
    > Fax (64) 9 - 917 -9629
    > http://www.romielittrellpubs.homestead.com/
    > http://www.crossculturalcentre.homestead.com/
    >
    >
    >
    >
    >
    > ____________________________________________________________
    > Yahoo! Messenger - Communicate instantly..."Ping"
    > your friends today! Download Messenger Now
    > http://uk.messenger.yahoo.com/download/index.html


  • 4.  Perceptual Differences, Herzberg, and Culture and Economy

    Posted 04-21-2004 17:52
    That's interesting, Prof. Maimone. I believe you're
    correct. Sometimes our lack of adequate funds and our
    research methods training gets in the way of
    discovering and demonstrating valid and reliable
    theories of behaviour. I would say that an
    understanding of the behaviour of groups of humans is
    at least as complex as predicting the weather, for
    which governments use networks of supercomputer to
    analyse myriad variables.

    Again I'm limited by being one person with one
    computer, however, a great deal of the research
    reports I have been reading indicate that corporate
    culture tends to overwhelm ethnic and national
    culture. Is my understanding of your research outcomes
    that this was not the case in your multinational
    corporation? Would you say that the corporation had a
    very strong, universal corporate culture?

    Regards,
    Romie



    --- Fabrizio Maimone <fabrizio.maimone@tin.it> wrote:
    > Dear prof. Littrell,
    > i appriciated so much your works and wish to add my
    > personal considerations
    > to this discussion.
    > Starting from Hofstede's research (G. Hofstede,
    > 1980), there are lot of
    > evidences on cultural differences at work.
    > In my doctoral thesis research (explorative
    > approach), that involved two
    > transnational organizations based in Europe,
    > significative differences were
    > found in values and behaviors among different
    > cultural groups. Even though
    > the qualitative approach does n't provide
    > inferencial data, the
    > post-hypothesis of the research is consistent with
    > the permanence of
    > cultural differences among cultural groups, even if
    > they are co-working in
    > the same organizational setting. The dynamic
    > cultural model adopted is not
    > in contraddition with this assumption.
    > Then, the letterature offers severals example of
    > specificity in work values
    > and behaviors, even referring to the same national
    > context (Schein E. 1984,
    > Kunda 1992, etc.).
    > May be, the supposed universality of motivational
    > models is often due to a
    > lack of cross - cultural focus in research design.
    >
    > Best regards
    >
    > Fabrizio Maimone
    >
    >
    > Dr Fabrizio Maimone
    >
    > LUMSA University of Rome
    > Communication Sciences
    > Via della Traspontina, 21
    > 00193 Rome
    > Italy

    =====
    Prof. Romie F. Littrell, Ph.D.
    Facutly of Business, Auckland University of Technology
    Private Bag 1020
    Auckland 1020, New Zealand
    Fax (64) 9 - 917 -9629
    http://www.romielittrellpubs.homestead.com/
    http://www.crossculturalcentre.homestead.com/





    ____________________________________________________________
    Yahoo! Messenger - Communicate instantly..."Ping"
    your friends today! Download Messenger Now
    http://uk.messenger.yahoo.com/download/index.html


  • 5.  Perceptual Differences, Herzberg, and Culture and Economy

    Posted 04-22-2004 13:04
    Dear Prof Littrell,
    i agree with you and find your questions very insightfull. Obviously, it is
    not so easy to extrapolate correctly single outcomes from a systematic work
    (i am just working on a paper reporting the research outcomes, i would be
    very happy to send you a copy, when it is ready). Any way, i can answer yes
    to your first question: the two multinational organizations involved in the
    explorative research does not show a strong and coherent "corporate
    culture", if we refer to the meaning usually adopted in international
    letterature. So, my answer to your second question is, obviously, no. But i
    am not saying that the organizations studied have not "corporate cultures"
    at all. I mean that these corporate cultures do n't determinate all the
    manifestations of work life and experience (i am referring expecially to
    personal and professional values distribution and communication processes).
    We could describe this phenomenon using the concept of subcultures, may be.
    Even though i am referring to something different. I try to explain what i
    mean. Generally speaking, we know the concept of "corporate culture" is the
    consequence of an "holistic" approach to organizational culture. The
    organizational cultures described in the study cases seem instead to be
    "prismatic" or "pluridimensional". Intervieews show a common perception of
    many aspects of organizational and intercultural climate and share some
    cultural paradigms: this presume a common cultural background (that we could
    define "universal"). But, when you focus up your analysis on the micro level
    (social interactions, interpersonal communication, work practises, social
    networking etc), then you find a sort of shadow side. I am reffering to
    misunderstandings in communication, conflicts, differences in work values
    and behaviors, social networks, etc, that seem to be based on cultural
    differences (i am referring to national differences, in this case). The aim
    of the study is explorative, so i can't say "x determinate y" and so on. But

    the outcomes of interviews and questionnaire data analysis give a reasonable
    support to the hypothesis that the theory of corporate culture cannot
    explain the out comes of this research. We can use the concept of "social
    costruction", if you want: the corporate level play a huge role in the
    "culture building", referring to the cases studied, but it is not the only
    player joining this game. So, may be the common cultural background of
    people working in the organizations studied is not entirely the result of
    cultural processes at corporate levels, and any way the out comes of the
    research show either the existence of a common cultural background and some
    cultural differences. This is a pluridimensional approach to organizational
    culture, i would say.
    The outcomes of other researchs i worked at, in the past time, showed the
    presence of clusters of organizational perception (i am referring to
    climate) and sub-cultures in italian firms (either italian branches of
    multinational companies and local organizations). I can cite several italian
    or international works that show data consistent with this hypothesis. I
    wonder if the theory of corporate culture is the only model that can explain
    organizational success.

    Best Regards

    Fabrizio


    ----- Original Message -----
    From: "Romie Littrell" <littrellaom@yahoo.co.nz>
    To: <MG-ED-DV@MAELSTROM.STJOHNS.EDU>
    Sent: Wednesday, April 21, 2004 11:52 PM
    Subject: Re: Perceptual Differences, Herzberg, and Culture and Economy


    > That's interesting, Prof. Maimone. I believe you're
    > correct. Sometimes our lack of adequate funds and our
    > research methods training gets in the way of
    > discovering and demonstrating valid and reliable
    > theories of behaviour. I would say that an
    > understanding of the behaviour of groups of humans is
    > at least as complex as predicting the weather, for
    > which governments use networks of supercomputer to
    > analyse myriad variables.
    >
    > Again I'm limited by being one person with one
    > computer, however, a great deal of the research
    > reports I have been reading indicate that corporate
    > culture tends to overwhelm ethnic and national
    > culture. Is my understanding of your research outcomes
    > that this was not the case in your multinational
    > corporation? Would you say that the corporation had a
    > very strong, universal corporate culture?
    >
    > Regards,
    > Romie
    >
    >
    >
    > --- Fabrizio Maimone <fabrizio.maimone@tin.it> wrote:
    > > Dear prof. Littrell,
    > > i appriciated so much your works and wish to add my
    > > personal considerations
    > > to this discussion.
    > > Starting from Hofstede's research (G. Hofstede,
    > > 1980), there are lot of
    > > evidences on cultural differences at work.
    > > In my doctoral thesis research (explorative
    > > approach), that involved two
    > > transnational organizations based in Europe,
    > > significative differences were
    > > found in values and behaviors among different
    > > cultural groups. Even though
    > > the qualitative approach does n't provide
    > > inferencial data, the
    > > post-hypothesis of the research is consistent with
    > > the permanence of
    > > cultural differences among cultural groups, even if
    > > they are co-working in
    > > the same organizational setting. The dynamic
    > > cultural model adopted is not
    > > in contraddition with this assumption.
    > > Then, the letterature offers severals example of
    > > specificity in work values
    > > and behaviors, even referring to the same national
    > > context (Schein E. 1984,
    > > Kunda 1992, etc.).
    > > May be, the supposed universality of motivational
    > > models is often due to a
    > > lack of cross - cultural focus in research design.
    > >
    > > Best regards
    > >
    > > Fabrizio Maimone
    > >
    > >
    > > Dr Fabrizio Maimone
    > >
    > > LUMSA University of Rome
    > > Communication Sciences
    > > Via della Traspontina, 21
    > > 00193 Rome
    > > Italy
    >
    > =====
    > Prof. Romie F. Littrell, Ph.D.
    > Facutly of Business, Auckland University of Technology
    > Private Bag 1020
    > Auckland 1020, New Zealand
    > Fax (64) 9 - 917 -9629
    > http://www.romielittrellpubs.homestead.com/
    > http://www.crossculturalcentre.homestead.com/
    >
    >
    >
    >
    >
    > ____________________________________________________________
    > Yahoo! Messenger - Communicate instantly..."Ping"
    > your friends today! Download Messenger Now
    > http://uk.messenger.yahoo.com/download/index.html


  • 6.  Perceptual Differences, Herzberg, and Culture and Economy

    Posted 04-28-2004 03:39
    I'd like to thank those of you who have directed me towards relevant
    sources on perceptual differences between managers and employees.
    Especially Michael Ayers for pointing me at Kovach's article.

    Thanks again and regards,
    Lars

    Lars Moratis
    Erasmus University Rotterdam
    Rotterdam School of Management

    Romie Littrell wrote:
    >
    > I think you'll find the job conditions fitting into
    > the two categories of Herzberg's theoretical framework
    > will vary considerably depending upon local economic
    > conditions and across cultures. See, for example, the
    > working paper by Selmer and Littrell at
    > http://www.romielittrellpubs.homestead.com/
    >
    > --- Jack Ring <jring@amug.org> wrote: > The Gallup
    > findings are valuable. Also, Frederick
    > > Herzberg, U. of Utah, has
    > > offered keen insights into this situation. My
    > > summary of his considerable
    > > writings is:
    > > Motivation Factors
    > >
    > > Direct Feedback
    > >
    > > Client Relationship
    > >
    > > Psychological Growth
    > >
    > > Scheduling One's Own Work
    > >
    > > Unique Expertise
    > >
    > > Responsibility For Costs
    > >
    > > Authority For Direct Communication
    > >
    > > Personal Accountability
    > >
    > >
    > >
    > > Hygene Factors
    > >
    > > Pleasant work environment
    > >
    > > Good cafeteria
    > >
    > > Pleasant co-workers
    > >
    > > Company policy and administration; especially
    > > communication
    > >
    > > etc.
    > >
    > >
    > >
    > > Management's Job
    > >
    > >
    > >
    > > The Hygene Factors are orthogonal to the Motivation
    > > Factors. Management
    > > must keep the Hygene Factors from becoming too
    > > negative but employee
    > > satisfaction is not maximized by making the Hygene
    > > Factors better and
    > > better. Rather, keep the Hygene Factors from
    > > negatively interfering while
    > > maximizing the Motivation Factors.
    > >
    > >
    > >
    > > ----- Original Message -----
    > > [..]
    > > >
    > > > Hello,
    > > >
    > > > I'm looking for literature (esp. theory) on
    > > 'perceptual differences' on
    > > > what constitutes a good working environment
    > > between bosses and employees
    > > > - especially differences/similarities on the
    > > factors that are important
    > > > for recruiting and retaining employees.
    > > >
    > > > Is somebody aware of
    > > theories/articles/research/cases on this topic?
    > > >
    > > > You can email me at lmoratis@fbk.eur.nl.
    > > >
    > > > Thanks and regards,
    > > > Lars Moratis
    > > > Erasmus University Rotterdam
    > > > Rotterdam School of Management
    > > >
    > > > ------------------------------
    > > >
    > > > End of MG-ED-DV Digest - 28 Mar 2004 to 7 Apr 2004
    > > (#2004-52)
    > > >
    > >
    > *************************************************************
    > > >
    > > >
    >
    > =====
    > Prof. Romie F. Littrell, Ph.D.
    > Facutly of Business, Auckland University of Technology
    > Private Bag 1020
    > Auckland 1020, New Zealand
    > Fax (64) 9 - 917 -9629
    > http://www.romielittrellpubs.homestead.com/
    > http://www.crossculturalcentre.homestead.com/
    >
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